Partial reduction [Na/NH3] Partial Reduction (Na/NH3) Definition: Alkynes treated with sodium in ammonia are reduced to trans alkenes. Alternatively, potassium in ammonia can also be used. Partial Reduction (Na/NH3) Explained: When we…
Ozonolysis Ozonolysis Definition: Alkynes treated with ozone (O3) will be cleaved at the triple bond to form carboxylic acids. Terminal alkynes give carboxylic acid and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ozonolysis Explained:…
Oxymercuration Oxymercuration Definition: Alkynes treated with mercury (usually HgSO4) and water will be hydrated to give ketones, via an enol intermediate. Oxymercuration Explained: Hydration of alkynes is similar to the acid-catalyst addition of the water to alkenes, but the…
Oxidative cleavage [KMnO4] Oxidative cleavage Definition: The oxidative cleavage is the cleavage of the triple bond in the alkyne by an oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) which cleave…
Hydrogenation of Alkynes Hydrogenation of Alkynes Definition: Hydrogenation of alkynes is the addition of hydrogen to a triple bond in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrogenation of Alkynes Explained: Alkynes…
Hydroboration Hydroboration Definition: Hydroboration is the treatment of alkynes with BH3, followed by H2O2 in which aldehydes and ketones are obtained. Hydroboration Explained: Hydroboration is a two-step reaction sequence which proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov addition where installing a hydroxyl group at…
Deprotonation (acetylide formation) Deprotonation (acetylide formation) Definition: Deprotonation is a treatment of acetylene with a strong base such as NaNH2 or NaH where acetylide (alkynide) anion is obtained. Deprotonation (acetylide formation) Explained: Acetylide (Alkynide)…
Alkyne formation via elimination Alkyne formation via elimination Definition: Alkynes are made from geminal or vicinal dihaloalkanes by double elimination. Alkenyl halides are intermediate, being formed stereospecifically in the first…