Reduction of aromatic ketones Reduction of aromatic ketones Definition: When treated with a metal catalyst such as palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt) and hydrogen gas (H2) ketones next to aromatic groups are converted to alkanes. Reduction of…
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Definition: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the aromatic ring is attacked by the nucleophile. For example, when an aromatic compound is treated with…
Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Definition: Aromatic groups can be nitrated by the action of nitric acid and an acid catalyst in the reaction of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Explained: When treated benzene ring with concentrated nitric…
Iodination [I2/catalyst] Iodination [I2/catalist] Definition: Treatment of an aromatic such as benzene with iodine (I2) and copper (II) leads to the formation of the iodinated benzene by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Iodination [I2/catalyst] Explained: Since iodine is unreactive toward aromatic…
Friedel Crafts alkylation [R-X plus catalyst] Friedel Crafts alkylation [R-X plus catalyst] Definition: In Friedel-Crafts alkylation, treatment of benzene with an alkyl halide and a Lewis acid (AlCl3 or FeCl3) forms an alkylbenzene. This reaction is an alkylation because it results…
Friedel Crafts acylation [RCOX plus catalyst] Friedel Crafts acylation [RCOX plus catalyst] Definition: In Friedel-Crafts acylation, a benzene ring is treated with an acid chloride (RCOCl) and catalyst (AlCl3 or FeCl3) to form a ketone. Because the new group…
Chlorohydrin formation [Cl2/H2O] Chlorohydrin Formation Definition: The chlorohydrin formation reaction involves adding chlorine and water to a double bond and creating a chlorohydrin (chloro=chlorine, hydrin=hydro, water/H2O). Chlorohydrin Formation Explained: When chlorination occurs in a non-nucleophilic solvent, such as CHCl3 or…
Chlorination [Cl2 plus catalyst] Chlorination [Cl2 plus catalyst] Definition: Treatment of an aromatic (such as benzene) with chlorine (Cl2) and a Lewis base such as AlCl3 or FeCl3 leads to the formation of the chlorinated aromatic by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Chlorination [Cl2 plus catalyst]…
Bromination [Br2 plus catalyst] Bromination [Br2 plus catalyst] Definition: Treatment with an aromatic such as benzene with bromine (Br2) and a Lewis acid (such as AlCl3 or FeCl3) leads to formation the bromobenzene. Bromination [Br2 plus catalyst] Explained: Benzene is normally unreactive…
Aryne Formation (SNAr via arynes) Aryne Formation (SNAr via arynes) Definition: Aryne or benzyne is an intermediate that is obtained when treated halobenzene and strong base via an elimination-addition mechanism.…