Formation of Gilman reagents Formation of Gilman reagents Definition: Alkyl halide will react with lithium metal to make organolithium reagents. When two equivalents of organolithium are combined with a copper halide, this will form organocuprates (Gilman reagents).…
Formation of Diazonium Salts Formation of Diazonium Salts Definition: Treatment of aromatic amines with sodium nitrite and HCl leads to the formation of diazonium salts. Formation of Diazonium Salts Explained:…
Ether formation [ROH] Ether formation (ROH) Definition: Alkyl halides can be converted to ethers when dissolved in alcohol solvents through an SN1 reaction. Ether formation (ROH) Explained: The SN1 mechanism is a stepwise process in…
Ether Formation [H+/ROH] Ether Formation [H+/ROH] Definition: An acid catalyzed hydro-alkoxy addition is the addition of an alcohol to carbon-carbon double bond to form an ether. Ether Formation Explained: When sulfuric acid is placed in…
Ester formation [RCO2(–)] Ester formation (RCO2‾) Definition: Alkyl halides (or tosylates) will react with carboxylate ion to form esters in SN2 reaction. Ester formation (RCO2‾) Explained: This is a one-step transformation. The nucleophile (acetate) attacks alkyl…
Epoxide opening [diol formation] Epoxide opening [diol formation] Definition: When aqueous acid is added to epoxide, trans-diol are formed. Epoxide opening [diol formation] Explained: When epoxides react with aqueous acids (often abbreviated H3O+) a three-membered…
Epoxide opening [basic conditions] Epoxide opening [basic conditions] Definition: When epoxides are treated with negatively charged nucleophiles, they will add to the least substituted position of epoxide in an SN2 reaction. Epoxides opening…
Epoxide opening [acidic conditions] Epoxide opening [acidic conditions] Definition: When acid is added to epoxides, nucleophiles will add to the more substitution position. The stereochemistry of this addition is trans.…
Epoxide formation [from halohydrins] Epoxides formation [from halohydrins] Definition: Halohydrins treated with strong base (such as hydroxide anion) can form epoxides through with intramolecular SN2 reaction. Epoxides formation [from halohydrins] Explained: When alkenes treated with…
Epoxide formation [from alkenes] Epoxide formation [from alkene] Definition: Epoxides or oxacyclopropanes can be obtained by reaction so-called epoxidation from alkenes with peroxy acids. Epoxide formation [from alkene] Explained: The most commonly…