Kiliani Fischer Synthesis Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis Definition: The Kiliani-Fischer synthesis is a method by which we can lengthen the carbon chain on a sugar molecule by adding an additional carbon atom to that sugar. Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis Explained: Larger…
Keto-Enol tautomerism Keto-enol tautomerism Definition: Ketones and other carbonyl compounds containing a hydrogen adjacent to the carbonyl are in the equilibrium with a constitutional isomer called enol. Keto-enol tautomerism Explained: Protonation of enolate into oxygen…
Iodination [I2/catalyst] Iodination [I2/catalist] Definition: Treatment of an aromatic such as benzene with iodine (I2) and copper (II) leads to the formation of the iodinated benzene by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Iodination [I2/catalyst] Explained: Since iodine is unreactive toward aromatic…
Iodination [I2] Iodination Definition: Iodination is a reaction where iodine is added to a double bond of alkene to give a diiodide. Iodination Explained: Alkene chlorination and bromination are very…
Imine formation [RNH2] Imine formation [RNH2] Definition: The reaction of a primary amine with an aldehyde or ketone results in an imine and one equivalent of water. Imine formation [RNH2] Explained: In mildly conditions, an aldehyde or ketone will react…
Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids Definition: Addition of water and acid to a nitrile leads to the formation of a carboxylic acid. Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids Explained: Nitriles can be hydrolyzed by acid or base to give the corresponding…
Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [basic] Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [basic] Definition: Esters can be converted to carboxylic acids through treatment with strong base. Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids [basic] Explained: Esters can be hydrolyzed under acidic or basic conditions. These…
Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [acidic] Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [acidic] Definition: When an ester is treated with aqueous acid (and heat) it is converted into a carboxylic acid. Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids [acidic] Explained: Esters can be hydrolyzed…
Hydrogenation of Alkynes Hydrogenation of Alkynes Definition: Hydrogenation of alkynes is the addition of hydrogen to a triple bond in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrogenation of Alkynes Explained: Alkynes…
Hydrogenation of Alkenes Hydrogenation of Alkenes Definition: Catalytic hydrogenation involves the addition of molecular hydrogen (H2) across a double bond in the presence of a metal catalyst and the net result of…