Oxidation to ketones [PCC + others] Oxidation to ketones [PCC + others] Definition: Treatment of the secondary alcohols with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) leads to ketones. Oxidation to ketones [PCC + others] Explained: Because secondary alcohols…
Oxidation to carboxylic acids [Tollens] Oxidation to carboxylic acids [Tollens] Definition: When Ag2O is added to aldehydes, carboxylic acids are formed. The results in the formation of silver metal (“silver mirror”) a reaction known as the Tollens test.…
Oxidation to carboxylic acids [H2CrO4 + others] Oxidation to carboxylic acids [H2CrO4 + others] Definition: Primary alcohols treated with chromic acid will be converted to carboxylic acid. Oxidation to carboxylic acids [H2CrO4 + others] Explained: Oxidation is a…
Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Definition: Chromium trioxide and water will oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Explained: The most common oxidation reaction of…
Oxidation to aldehydes [PCC] Oxidation to aldehydes [PCC] Definition: Treatment of alcohols with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) leads to the formation of the aldehydes. Oxidation to aldehydes [PCC] Explained: When a primary alcohol is treated with chromic acid,…
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Definition: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the aromatic ring is attacked by the nucleophile. For example, when an aromatic compound is treated with…
Nitrile formation [CN(-)] Nitrile formation (CN‾) Definition: Alkyl halides (or tosylates) will react with cyanide ion to give alkyl cyanides (nitriles) in an SN2 reaction. Nitrile formation (CN‾) Explained: Here comes to backside attack of a nucleophile to…
Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Definition: Aromatic groups can be nitrated by the action of nitric acid and an acid catalyst in the reaction of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4] Explained: When treated benzene ring with concentrated nitric…
Mannich Reaction Mannich Reaction Definition: The Mannich reaction is an organic reaction used to convert a primary or secondary amine and two carbonyl compounds (one non-enolizable and one enolizable) to a β-aminocarbonyl compound, also known as a Mannich base, using an acid or base catalyst.…
Malonic Ester / Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Malonic Ester/Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Definition: The Malonic ester synthesis is a method for making substituted carboxylic acids. It is a combination of four reactions: Deprotonation Alkylation Acidic…